TechTalk

Young Scholar TechTalk – GRAINS: Proximity Sensing of Objects in Granular Materials

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

October 17, 2023 (Tuesday) 4:30-5:30pm
Proximity sensing is a method of detecting the presence of objects without making physical contact. However, this concept has not been widely explored in the context of granular materials, which are materials composed of small particles like sand or gravel. This is because granular materials have complex properties and the sensing needs to work without the aid of vision. In this presentation, I will introduce a system called GRAINS (Granular Material-Embedded Autonomous Proximity Sensing). GRAINS is designed to sense objects buried within granular materials by utilizing fundamental principles related to the behavior of granules, such as how they flow like a fluid, how they can become jammed. GRAINS uses force signals to determine the proximity of buried objects. It achieves this by analyzing force anomalies that occur when granules become jammed due to their proximity to objects. These force anomalies are learned in real-time by the system using a mathematical technique called Gaussian process regression. To capture these patterns, a probe is moved along a spiral trajectory within the granular material. The results of our experiments demonstrate that GRAINS can adaptively adjust its parameters to effectively work with different types of granules. It can perceive objects in the nearby vicinity, approximately 0.5 to 7 cm ahead, without the need for direct contact with the buried obstacles.
(project page: https://sites.google.com/view/grains2/home)

TechTalk – Subsurface Technologies to Support the Energy Transition

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

October 12 2023 (Thursday) 3-4pm
To avoid catastrophic consequences of climate change, our current carbon-emitting energy infrastructure needs to be replaced with an energy system free from atmospheric carbon emissions. The enormous scale of this energy transition requires multiple energy sources to be developed, including carbon-free wind, solar, geothermal, and nuclear as well as fossil-fuel-based systems where the carbon dioxide from the waste stream is captured and stored securely in deep subsurface geologic formations, in a technology known as Carbon Capture and Storage, or CCS. Subsurface geologic formations are also likely to be used to provide short-term storage for energy-carrying fluids like hydrogen and natural gas, making the subsurface environment critical to the energy transition. In this talk, I will discuss practical computational approaches to analyze geological storage systems as well as economic and political issues associated with CCS. I will also briefly discuss basic climate change facts, as part of a proposed general curriculum for Environmental Literacy.

TechTalk – Wireless AI Perception: A New Sense for Machine Intelligence Beyond Vision

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

September 21 2023 (Thursday) 4:30-5:30pm
Can machines sense without cameras or sensors? Computer vision allows machines to “see,” but their perception capabilities based on cameras are fundamentally limited to a specific field of view and good lighting conditions – they cannot see through any occlusions or in the dark. In this talk, I will introduce Wireless AI Perception that opens a new sense for machine perception to decipher the physical world, even in absolute darkness and through walls and obstacles. To achieve this, Wireless AI leverages ambient wireless signals for sensing and turns any Wi-Fi devices from a pure communication medium into a ubiquitous all-in-one sensing platform. We will first introduce the concepts, principles, and grand challenges of Wi-Fi sensing, and then share our unique solution of Wireless AI, which has been commercialized and deployed as real-world products, such as motion sensing, sleep monitoring, fall detection, indoor tracking, just to name a few. We foresee that Wi-Fi Sensing will enter billions of devices and millions of homes, and today is just the beginning of this revolution.

Young Scholar TechTalk – Secure and High-performance AI Serving: Protecting AI Secretes, Accelerating AI Insights

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

September 19, 2023 (Tuesday) 4:30-5:30pm
Driven by the remarkable success of artificial intelligence (AI) and edge computing, the deployment of well-trained private AI models on third-party edge devices for mission-critical applications has become increasingly prevalent. Safeguarding these private models on untrusted devices, while simultaneously speeding up model serving (i.e., inference) through accelerators like GPUs, has escalated in urgency.
We introduce SOTER, a new AI serving system that, for the first time, achieves both high security and high performance. Harnessing the associativity property of AI operators, SOTER presents an innovative approach—transforming computationally expensive AI operators into parameter-morphed equivalents for secure execution on untrusted but fast GPUs, and losslessly restoring inference results within trusted execution environments (TEEs) in CPUs. Experimental results on six prevalent AI models in the three most popular categories show that, even with stronger model protection, SOTER achieves comparable performance with baselines while retaining the same high accuracy as insecure AI model inference.

TechTalk – Simulation, Optimization and Artificial Intelligence for On-demand Ride Service Operations

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

September 14, 2023 (Thursday) 4:30-5:30pm
On-demand ride services or ride-sourcing services, offered by transportation network companies like Uber, Lyft and Didi, have been experiencing fast development and steadily reshaping the way people travel in the past decade. Various mathematical models and optimization algorithms, including reinforcement learning approaches, have been developed in the literature to help ride-sourcing platforms design better operational strategies to achieve higher operational efficiency. However, due to cost and reliability issues (implementing an immature algorithm for real operations may result in system turbulence), it is commonly infeasible to validate these models and train/test these optimization algorithms within real-world ride sourcing platforms. Acting as a useful test bed, a simulation platform for ride-sourcing systems will thus be very important for both researchers and industrial practitioners to conduct algorithm training/testing or model validation through trails and errors. While previous studies have established a variety of simulators for their own tasks, it lacks a fair and public platform for comparing the models/algorithms proposed by different researchers. In addition, the existing simulators still face many challenges, ranging from their closeness to real environments of ride-sourcing systems, to the completeness of different tasks they can implement. To address the challenges, we propose a novel multi-functional and open-sourced simulation platform for ride-sourcing systems, which can simulate the behaviors and movements of various agents (including drivers and passengers) on a real transportation network. It provides a few accessible portals for users to train and test various optimization algorithms, especially reinforcement learning algorithms, for a variety of tasks, including on-demand matching, idle vehicle repositioning, and dynamic pricing. Evaluated by experiments based on real-world datasets, the simulator is demonstrated to be an efficient and effective test bed for various tasks related to on-demand ride service operations.

Young Scholar TechTalk – Modeling Uncertainty of Connected Vehicle Penetration Rate: Theory and Application

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

September 12, 2023 (Tuesday) 4:30-5:30pm
The rapid development of communication technologies enables real-time information exchange between vehicles, thus being virtually connected. However, the full connected vehicle (CV) deployment will take a long time and may never be achievable, due to privacy, security, and willingness. Knowledge of the CV penetration rate is thus crucial for realizing numerous beneficial applications during the prolonged transition period. Although several novel models have been proposed for CV penetration rate estimation, they are solely point estimators. Direct use of these point estimators without considering their variability can lead to biased models or suboptimal solutions. To bridge this research gap, this study proposes a series of analytical models to accurately estimate the variability of CV penetration rate. Comprehensive VISSIM simulations, real-world applications, and a simple CV-based adaptive signal control scheme demonstrate the readiness of the models for use in real-world situations and the potential of the models to improve system optimizations.

TechTalk – Quantitative Predictive Theories through Integration of Quantum, Statistical, and Irreversible Thermodynamics

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

August 28, 2023 (Monday) 2-3pm
Thermodynamics is a science concerning the state of a system, whether it is stable, metastable, or unstable. Its derivatives to natural variables give fundamental physico-chemical properties of the system. It is historically divided into four categories: equilibrium thermodynamics by Gibbs, statistical thermodynamics by Gibbs and Landau, irreversible thermodynamics by Onsager and Prigogine, and quantum mechanics. The development of density function theory (DFT) enabled the quantitative prediction of properties of the ground state of a system from quantum mechanics. Their integration into predictive theories will be discussed in this presentation along with future perspectives. It will be shown that the zentropy theory combines the bottom-up DFT predictions with the revised top-down statistical thermodynamics, while the theory of cross phenomena keeps the entropy production due to irreversible processes in the combine law of thermodynamics to revise the Onsager flux equations. The zentropy theory is capable of quantitatively predicting free energy landscape, singularity and emergent divergences of properties at critical point free of parameters, while the theory of cross phenomena can predict the coefficients of internal processes between non-conjugate variables.

TechTalk – Expanded Potential Stem Cells: A New Tool for Basic and Translational Research

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

August 3, 2023 (Thursday) 4:30-5:30pm
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the epiblast contribute to the somatic lineages and the germline upon reintroduction to the blastocyst but are excluded from the extraembryonic tissues in the placenta that are derived from the trophectoderm (TE) and the primitive endoderm (PrE). By inhibiting signal pathways implicated in the earliest embryo development, we established cultures of mouse expanded potential stem cells (EPSCs) from individual 4-cell and 8-cell blastomeres, by direct conversion of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and through reprogramming somatic cells. Bona fide trophoblast stem cell (TSC) lines, extra-embryonic endoderm stem (XEN) cells, and ESCs could be directly derived from EPSCs in vitro. The knowledge of mouse EPSCs has enabled the establishment of EPSCs of human, pig, bovine and additional mammalian species. EPSCs of these species share similar molecular features and developmental potentials. They are genetically and epigenetically stable, can be maintained in homogenous long-term cultures and permit efficient precision and complex genome editing. EPSCs thus provide new tools for studying normal development and open up new avenues for translational research in biotechnology, agriculture, and regenerative medicine. For example, we find that early syncytiotrophoblasts produced from human TSCs are highly susceptible to coronavirus infection. This finding has enabled the development of a new stem cell-based antiviral drug discovery technology. I will discuss our thoughts on collaborations with engineering colleagues.

TechTalk – Pandemic Preparedness and Response in the Age of Information

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

Global responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have largely been suboptimal due to significant underdevelopment of infrastructure, human capital and analytics in pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response (PPR). In particular, epidemic nowcasting has been universally challenging because it requires distilling informative or actionable insights from diverse range of real-world data which are often biased. Misinterpretation, misrepresentation or otherwise misuse of these nowcasts will fuel infodemics, as we have learned to our detriment during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will discuss some lessons learned from COVID-19 and how we can strengthen pandemic PPR in the Age of Information.

TechTalk – Theoretical Concepts and Innovative Laboratory Techniques for Estimating the Effective Permeability of Rocks: Applications to the Longyou Claystone

Innovation Wing Two, TechTalk / By

The Longyou Caves represent an important historical site in China that has undergone periodic water level changes over several centuries. The ground water flow through the intact rock and fractures is an important factor in the geotechnical assessment of the site. The Environmental Geomechanics Laboratory at McGill University has focused on the development of innovative theoretical approaches and experimental facilities for wide range of rocks including Indiana Limestone, the Cobourg Limestone, the Vermont Granite and the Lac du Bonnet Granite, using both steady state and transient techniques. In this Teck Talk, Professor Selvadurai will present a range of experimental techniques, their theoretical interpretations that can be used to estimate of fluid transport processes through intact rocks that can be described by Darcy’s law. The theoretical and experimental techniques are used to determine the intact permeability of Longyou claystone recovered from the site.